STATISTICAL MEASURES IN RESEARCH
# Statistical measures are classified in to two classes: Parametric and Non-Parametric measures.
# The category of the two classes is based on its assumptions and techniques.
# The researcher can determine the statistical analysis method based on the data, objective and samples.
# Some characteristics of parametric and non-parametric statistics are discussed below.
1. Parametric statistical measures
Parametric statistics make assumptions about a sample or a population including:
@ Make assumptions about a population;
@ Make normality assumptions of a population or data;
@ Used in interval or ratio scales (continuous data);
@ Requires not too small sample size (30 and above);
@ Used when a data set meets the required assumptions for different techniques;
Parametric measures include t-test types (simple t-test, independent t-test and paired t-test), Analysis of variance/ANOVA/ types (One way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and MANOVA), correlation, linear regression, etc.
2. Non-Parametric statistical measures
Some of the characteristics of non-parametric statistics are listed below:
* Do not have assumptions about a population;
* It is a free test (no normality assumption of a population or a data);
* Measures in nominal (categorical) or ordinal (ranked) scales;
* Used when you have small sample size (below 30);
* Used when the data do not meet the assumptions of parametric techniques;
* Its major assumptions are random sampling and independent observation (each case or person counted only once);
* Used when there is large variation in a data set.
Non-parametric measures are mentioned below (with their parametric alternatives in brackets).
❤ Chi-square test of goodness (no parametric alternative).
❤ Chi-square test of independence (Pearson test of correlation).
❤ Mann-Whitney U test (independent t-test).
❤ Will Coxon Signed Rank test (paired t-test).
❤ Kruscal-Wallis test (one way between groups ANOVA).
❤ Friedman test (one-way repeated measures ANOVA).
❤ Logistics regressions (linear regressions).
The detail explanations, assumptions, characteristics, analysis, interpretations, and usages will be discussed in the next successive posts.
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